Supreme Court nominees

Introduction Supreme Court nominees evade giving direct answers to statutory performance and other legal issues (Stolberg). This has been a common criticism that Supreme Court nominees stand before qualifying the level. Senators from both sides of the authority either keep such parties or devise propaganda aiming to reduce their votes and chances of qualification. Conversely, the nominees have developed a variety of evasive techniques to these criticisms, and so open varied diverging responses.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Supreme Court nominees specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Supreme Court (SC) In the US, this is the highest judicial body, which leads the federal judiciary. It comprises of the chief justice of the US and 8 associate justices nominated by the president and confirmed by the senate. Once appointed, they enjoy life tenure, which may only be terminated through death, retirement, or resignatio n. Criticism of Supreme Court nominees SC nominees have always been condemned because of their previous statements and evasiveness of issues. Democrats and republicans have their own tactics to advance viewpoints to qualify nominees. The fitness of the candidate to deliver in the system is scrutinized, often based on responses to legal and statutory interpretations. Senate republicans reject the ratification of Kagan to the bench, analyzing her dedication to upholding the constitution and whether her countenance would prejudice decisions. They question whether she would be controlled by, or run the constitution. Some argued that she does not satisfy the high standards of the station and did not take liberal commitment to the set laws. She has on no account been an arbitrator and thus has no relevant experience in the field. Consequently, she may continue the list of judges who craft their own laws rather than interpreting the outlined principles. She also provides lukewarm support f or some amendments and her tactics which tend towards the Clinton administration (Bacon). Fortunately for Kagan, the political situation has not been as active because the oil spill and the Afghanistan war have eclipsed her nomination. Previous nominees underwent more detailed analysis. Preceding candidates have been criticized for issues such as their lack of understanding or short-time service in order occupations (Rutkus). For example, Clarence Thomas had only served as a judge for less than a year neither was she involved in legal writings. Some groups did not support his stance on affirmative action, believing his decisions would be biased on faith. Other nominees have received criticism for their deeply held religious affiliations.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Concern to Senators The determination of senators to aid the general welfare of the American people would be constra ined if justice may be biased. Senators thus focus their issues mainly on the credentials of the nominee understanding the law. Some of the values that these nominees hold may influence their opinions on the bench (Bacon). Some democrats, however, support her, stating that she is an ardent follower of the constitution. There are senators who vote in nominees based on their proximity to the senator’s constituents. When these nominees are not adequately qualified or reasonably distant, then the senators may make decisions, hugely depending on the current political situation or the views of the president. Others are undecided on how they should vote, thus this questioning is necessary to make reasonable decisions based on the credibility of the nominee (Rutkus). The questions provide facts on how well the nominee understands the structure and judicial roles, credentials and reputation. They discover how the nominee, if appointed, would upset the stability of the court. Other sen ators take that opportunity to ask questions which would lead public awareness to concerns in the society or to identify themselves with the issues. Evasiveness by nominees When Hatch questioned Kagan about the ban on abortion she gave distant responses, which left the republican troubled. SC nominees have traditionally evaded responses to specific questions so that they may not take sides or expose their flaws (Bacon). On abortion, she said the court prioritized the health of the mother. Kagan, who has both worked with Barrack and Clinton, evaded giving an answer to a republican who questioned her viewpoint on whether the system had favored some institutions in contemporary declarations. She said she did not embody the present court and hoped that one day she would join it, amidst laughter and characterization ‘a real politician’ (Mozgovaya). Nominees may avoid some questions which may eventually occur later in their court rulings. A response may expose their perspecti ve on delicate issues and thus the inequality on decision making may be noted. Some senators who may have otherwise to vote on the nominee’s favor may be displeased by some of their responses, and thus affect their chances of nomination in jeopardy. Alito and Ginsburg, for example, evaded some question, citing that they may appear in the court at some later date (Rutkus). Nominees’ responses to criticisms and their opinions Most of the opinions held by the nominees are neutral, usually to prevent further evaluation. Kagan, for example, answered critics by stating that though she admires what Aharon Barak did for Israel, she would not necessarily follow his style of judicial activism.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Supreme Court nominees specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More She says that she is more engrossed in politics than legal precedent, promising that her judgment would be based solely on the con stitution (Mozgovaya). Responding to republican critics, she added that her governing would be, must be, and have to be different from decision making. Asked whether she would support the president’s agenda, she said it was not her idea of the job. Roberts, who was criticized for his faithful personal beliefs, said his faith would not influence decision making; further adding that he would look at the law, and not religious texts in making rulings (Rutkus). He declined to endorse the statement of a former president who considered the severance of the state and the church to be unconditional. The most valid approach A wide range of candidates are first considered before the president settles on a nominee. The nominee is considered by a committee before going to the full senate, for evaluation. The senators are each given time to challenge the nominee on radical issues. One of the consistent issues in the senate has been the choice of questions for nominees appearing before the committee. Whether to ask, and how detailed the questions should be regarding their personal opinions on legal and legal issues is debatable (Rutkus). My most logical approach would be considering their substantive stance on topics rather than their actual credentials or private principles. It is not compulsory to force nominees to give responses for every questions asked, as some responses may undermine the integrity of the judiciary. Conclusion Nominees must be subjected to some criticism in an effort to resolve their take on public issues. Some of their responses may be seen as prejudging a case, based on their current beliefs, as such topics may be presented as cases in the future. A nominee without any judicial experience subjection to legal issues is essential, to determine whether they are capable of making decisions based on the law, or they would exercise their personal beliefs. Works Cited Bacon, Perry. Senators query Supreme Court nominee Kagan. The Washington Post, May 12, 2010. Web. Mozgovaya, Natasha. U.S. supreme court nominee Elana Kagan: Israel means a lot to me. Haaretz.com. June 29, 2010. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Stolberg, Sheryl. Committee approves Kagan’s nomination to Supreme Court. The New York Times, July 20, 2010. Web. Rutkus, Denis. Questioning Supreme Court Nominees about Their Views on Legal or Constitutional Issues: A Recurring Issue. Congressional Research Service. June 23, 2010. Web. This essay on Supreme Court nominees was written and submitted by user TygerT1ger to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The effect of performance management systems on employee engagement The WritePass Journal

The effect of performance management systems on employee engagement Introduction The effect of performance management systems on employee engagement IntroductionBackgroundThe research question Literature reviewEmployee engagementTheoretical context for employee engagementPerformance managementTheoretical context for performance managementIntervening variablesMethodologyDesign and procedureParticipantsModel specificationOperationalisation of variablesAnalysis LimitationsReferencesRelated Introduction Background Prior research has established the positive effects of employee engagement in the workplace, not only for the organisation in its entirety but also for the wellbeing and productivity of individual employees (Kahn, 1990). It is therefore of paramount importance that research correctly identifies the factors which give rise to increased employee engagement and investment in their job. Rich, Lepine and Crawford (2010) found in a study of 245 fire fighters that engagement, conceptualised as the investment of one’s complete self into a job role (the degree to which a job role is integrated into a personal construct) was a significant mediator in the relationship between value congruence, perceived organisational support, core self-evaluations and the dependent variable: job performance dimensions. Aside from the obvious benefits, including increased productivity and employee initiative, this also suggests that there are psychological perks for employees with higher rates of engagem ent. Increased self-efficacy, job satisfaction, self-esteem and morale have been found to be direct consequences of higher rates of employee engagement (Bakker and Schaufeli, 2008; Harter, Schmidt and Hayes, 2002). Employee wellbeing in the workplace is known to correlate with positive business outcomes (Harter, Schmidt and Keyes, 2003). Overall, engaged employees are more likely to view their job as meaningful, their management and leadership as above average, have better perceptions of their own ability to perform their duties and are more likely to be satisfied with their jobs, leading to a greater work ethic and better performance (May, Gilson and Harter, 2004). The research question The research problem we are facing is to determine the antecedents of employee engagement in the workplace. The questions that will be used to investigate this will query the relationship between management policy and employee engagement. The objective of this study will be to determine whether performance management strategies used by companies affects in any capacity the tendency of employees to fully engage themselves in the workplace. The experimental hypothesis will be that increased use of performance management strategies in the workplace increases rates of employee engagement. Performance management is the independent variable and employee engagement will be the dependent variable. This will establish whether one significant facet of management policy affects employee engagement; an important factor in predicting effectiveness in the workplace. However there are other factors which could potentially influence the dependent variable (employee engagement) which are beyond the scope of this study. There may be many aspects of the individual and their chosen career which affect how engaged they are regardless of management policy. In addition, Saks (2006) found that multiple facets of how an organisation handles employees work ethic determines how engaged they are in the workplace, including how much training is provided and perceived effectiveness of procedural justice at work. Isolating performance management will be one step in building a framework to more fully predict employee engagement. If the anticipated effects are discovered, this would be valuable information for businesses wishing to enhance employee productivity and satisfaction using the medium of employee engagement. By establishing the antecedents of employee engagement it will be possible to fill in another gap in the overall model presented by research to predict positive business outcomes. It has been vehemently established that employee engagement can indirectly affect this outcome, but the influences resulting in greater engagement have received relatively little attention. Performance management in particular was chosen since it encapsulates something that is under the direct control of businesses, and will therefore potentially offer an immediate and practical means for businesses to affect employee engagement. Literature review This section will incorporate definitions of the variables involved and the theoretical context of employee engagement and its antecedents. It will also cover some of the research into other factors besides the independent variable for this study which could reasonably affect the independent variable. Employee engagement The definition of employee engagement is surprisingly ambiguous in the literature, which led Macey and Schneider (2008) to gather and categorise the various definitions found in research. They found that authors generally referred to engagement in one of three broad domains; psychological state engagement, behavioural engagement and trait engagement. The effect of management, leadership, company policy and any performance management strategies employed by the business are of course effective only at the behavioural and psychological state level; trait level engagement is innate and relatively constant in each individual, and arises from various psychometric variables. The conceptualisation we shall settle on for this study will therefore involve only the psychological state and behavioural levels, since the primary independent variables of interest involve factors the business can influence to increase employee engagement. Theoretical context for employee engagement Within a theoretical context, employee engagement fits well into the explanatory remit of self-determination theory (Deci and Ryan, 1985). This theory postulates that different forms of motivation exist; autonomous regulation refers to all volition which originates from genuine internal desires, as opposed to controlled regulation in which the source of the impetus to act is external. In terms of engagement at work, autonomous regulation is desirable, as it results in greater initiative and productivity at a task. According to Meyer and Gagne (2008), who explored the underlying psychological mechanisms of autonomous regulation in the workplace, the key lies in satisfying basic psychological needs for competency, autonomy and relatedness. Performance management systems are likely to be a part of building the work environment which successfully cultivates these feelings in employees; giving them a sense that their needs have been met. Although of course there is certainly more involved in determining the extent to which employees are personally involved in their work than need satisfaction. Intervening factors are likely to include employee personal circumstances and the current economic climate. Performance management For the purposes of this study, the definition of performance management shall be the degree to which intervention by the business occurs to ensure recognition of above average performance, and involvement with offering incentives for increased productivity and work ethic. All other variables listed above which have been identified as causal antecedents of engagement will be considered as confounding variables in this study, and will be controlled for as far as possible. According to Roberts (2001), performance management involves the setting of objectives, the use of appraisal systems, reward strategies, training and feedback. This is a definition that can be more easily operationalized as the components are clearly divided which will make development of measurement scales for each subset simpler. Therefore these are the components that shall be measured as the independent variable in this study to make up performance management. Theoretical context for performance management Performance management affects employee perceptions and attitudes, which subsequently affect performance (Hartog, Boselie and Paauwe, 2004). This fits in with the theoretical framework which places employee engagement as reflecting attitudes and the meaning ascribed to job roles. It is therefore logical to expect that higher levels of implementation of performance management strategies would be significantly related to employee engagement. Although this theoretical framework does not leave much room for the inclusion of the position individual employees ascribe to their jobs in their lives. It is relatively simplistic in terms of modelling the expected effects, and there are likely to be confounding variables. Intervening variables Research has uncovered some general factors which contribute in various magnitudes to the level of employee engagement. Job characteristics (van der Broeck, Vansteenkiste, de Witte and Lens, 2008) perceived organisational support (including leadership), procedural justice, learning and training opportunities and performance management strategies (including rewards and recognition management) are all important in predicting the level of engagement an employee is likely to exhibit (Saks, 2006). This study will address one aspect of the bigger research question then; the explanatory power of performance management over employee engagement will be established. The issue will require further research to account for other possible influences on engagement, and potential interaction effects between independent variables. The originality of this study then lies in the examination of a relatively newly recognised concept (employee engagement) and shedding light on the specific relationship it has with performance management strategies, independent of other influences. Methodology This section will describe the proposed method of examining the experimental hypothesis, including how data will be gathered, what will be measured, and how the data will be analysed. Design and procedure Since the sample is limited to one business many confounding variables such as differing job demands and organisational structure can be eliminated. The samples will be taken from historical data, from employees working within a business with relatively low levels of performance management compared to similar organisations. The business under study will have to be one which has at some point implemented a new, more involved performance management strategy; this is how the independent variable will be manipulated. Both levels of employee engagement and performance management will be measured before the implementation of the new performance management strategy to serve as the control data. After the new strategy has been imposed and levels of performance management have increased in the business, the independent and dependent variable will be measured again, and this data will serve as the experimental condition. To establish the persistence over time of any significant differences in the dependent variable found to result from the change in performance management strategy, three samples will be taken at six month intervals after the implementation of the new strategy. If there is any initial difference in employee engagement between the samples immediately before and after the new strategy comes into for ce, the subsequent samples taken after the strategy has been present for some time will tell us about the long term effects of increasing performance management, otherwise the possibility remains that any effects are merely short term and fade when employees become accustomed to the new system. This will therefore be a repeated measures design. The rates of employee engagement will be compared between temporally differing samples, which will determine if changing levels of performance management alone were sufficient to affect a change in engagement, and how any effects persist, weaken, or strengthen with time. Participants Data will be gathered from secondary sources extant in the literature. The ratings of employee engagement and performance management strategies will be gathered from employees and managers working within the same business. Model specification The model we have to test (based on prior research in the area) places employee engagement as dependent in part on performance management. An a priori power analysis will be conducted on previous studies examining employee engagement to determine the expected effect size. Operationalisation of variables Performance management will be defined as the number of rewards and punishments handed out by senior management, the amount of time employees spend in training, and how often employees are appraised. Employee engagement will be measured with subjective rating scales and peer ratings. Analysis Statistical analysis of this data would include one-way analysis of variance. First performance management would be measured in each group to ensure that in reality there was a change due to the implementation of the new strategy. Then the degree of variability in engagement can be examined between conditions. The relative impact of increasing performance management can be examined in the short and long term, which could help in our theoretical understanding of the psychological underpinnings of any effects observed; if the effects change over time, this will provide clues for future research to investigate, and give use evidence to speculate further on why the change took place. This method of statistical analysis will allow for simple comparisons between control and experimental groups, and for different levels of the experimental condition, in this case the amount of time elapsed after the implementation of the new strategy. Limitations Since the data will all be gathered from the same business, many confounding variables will remain constant between groups, however this means the findings may be less applicable to other business contexts. There is also the fact that a substantial time will have passed between conditions, meaning there may have been other changes other than the independent variable under study, which could confound the results. All other pertinent factors will be investigated and accounted for in the final report to ensure they remain as consistent as possible. It is also essential to recognise the fact that different individuals harbouring different internal traits and psychological dispositions will be motivated to engage in their workplace by different factors which are meaningful to them personally. This is especially true between individuals with radically differing job characteristics and duties since they are likely to have different expectations of their job, and view their relationship to their job role differently. However the influences on engagement cited here have been shown to be generally applicable despite differing job roles. Psychological factors of unique individuals may also play a role in shaping how well specific employees fit into their job role. May, Gilson and Harter (2004) found that perceived meaningfulness of job role, perceived safety at work (including co-worker relations and perceived job security) and availability of psychological resources relevant to job demands are all positively correlated with employee engagement. Such factors may be positively influenced directly by effective performance management but are otherwise outside the scope of this study. The fact that different employees are likely to have been used between conditions (due to the time elapsed) could also pose a problem due to their potential to have very different opinions, experiences and traits relevant to their work life which could influence employee engagement. Limitations include the fact that not all influences on the outcome variable have possibly been considered in the analysis, although there are good theoretical grounds for including the variables that are present. There is likely a myriad of intervening factors affecting how much employees engage at work, but focusing on ones that are immediately under the control of the business administrators and relatively logistically sound to implement makes the most sense as a starting point for this line of research. References Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B. (2008) Positive organizational behavior: Engaged employees in flourishing organizations.  Journal of Organizational Behavior,  29(2), 147-154 Den Hartog, D. N., Boselie, P. and Paauwe, J. (2004) Performance management: a model and research agenda.  Applied psychology,  53(4), 556-569 Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L. and Hayes, T. L. (2002) Business-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: a meta-analysis.  Journal of applied psychology,  87(2), 268 Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L. and Keyes, C. L. (2003) Well-being in the workplace and its relationship to business outcomes: A review of the Gallup studies.  Flourishing: Positive psychology and the life well-lived,  2, 205-224 Kahn, W. A. (1990) Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work.  Academy of management journal,  33(4), 692-724 Macey, W. H. and Schneider, B. (2008) The meaning of employee engagement. Industrial and Organisational Psychology, 1, 3-30 May, D. R., Gilson, R. L. and Harter, L. M. (2004) The psychological conditions of meaningfulness, safety and availability and the engagement of the human spirit at work.  Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,  77(1), 11-37 Meyer, J. P. and Gagnà ©, M. (2008) Employee engagement from a self-determination theory perspective.  Industrial and Organizational Psychology,  1(1), 60-62 Rich, B. L., Lepine, J. A. and Crawford, E. R. (2010) Job engagement: Antecedents and effects on job performance. Academic Management Journal, 53(3), 617-635 Roberts, I. (2001) Reward and performance management.  Human resource management: A contemporary approach,  3, 506-558 Saks, A. M. (2006) Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement.Journal of Managerial Psychology,  21(7), 600-619 Van den Broeck, A., Vansteenkiste, M., De Witte, H. and Lens, W. (2008) Explaining the relationships between job characteristics, burnout, and engagement: The role of basic psychological need satisfaction.  Work Stress,22(3), 277-294

Nursing Intervention Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing Intervention - Essay Example History of music therapy In the United States music therapy began in the 18th century. However, using music for treatment began thousands of years ago this is evident even in the- bible and some early writings of India and China. The music program was introduced in the US in 1984. This was after a cancer support group in the US came up with the program to assist in cancer treatment. Music has been used in medicine for many years; Greeks had a belief that music could heal both the soul and body. Music was used in rituals to heal millennia in native America. Music was also used in World War II by US doctors for healing soldiers who suffered shell shock. Hains (1996) reveals that in 1994 Michigan State University came up with the music therapy degree. Today, more universities offer both undergraduate and postgraduate degree in music therapy most of these degree courses are proven by the American Music therapy association. To qualify, the bachelor’s degree holders must at least ha ve trained for 1200 hours in clinical training and at least one internship session. Many hospitals these days have music therapists working for them as cancer-management teams and cancer centers helping in planning and evaluation of treatment. Some services are even covered with health insurance agencies. Research Research has shown the value of music therapy on the mind, body and spirit of both adults and children it has shown that music therapy when used with anti-nausea drugs for patients on chemotherapy helps in easing both nausea and vomiting; some experiments have even shown that music therapy can treat short-term pain including cancer pains. Some studies have shown that music therapy can be used to reduce the period through which a patient undergoes pain. It has also been discovered that when used hand in hand with painkillers, it can to reduce the amount of pain drugs in patients. Some studies have shown that music therapy can also be used to improve comfort, relaxation and pain control. According to Hains (1996), quite a number of cancer patients who used music therapy were discovered to have improved health status in relation to their life spans. It was discovered that most of the music therapy was effective in the short term effect while it had little or no effect in long-term. Heart rate, blood pressure, depression and breathing rate have also been seen to reduce in cases of music therapy no one can tell the way music can affect the life of people as research is still going on and more is still coming up. Students taking music lessons have been discovered to have an improved IQ as compared to those who do not have music lessons; a fact that has extended even to nonmusical performances. These studies show how music can be used in so many ways and can be used to improve the lives of people. Benefits of music therapy Music therapy can be used with a variety of emotional and psychological symptoms. It can be used to treat cancer as well as help reduce pain, anxiety and nausea, which are discomforts experienced after chemotherapy. Some believe that music therapy can be used to improve the healthcare of children with cancer by promoting cooperation and social interaction (Hains, 1996). Research has further proven that music therapy helps to improve the concentration span of an individual. It has

Effect of Cellulitis on Wound Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Effect of Cellulitis on Wound Care - Essay Example It can be inferred from these findings that there is a rapidly erythematous spreading, as well as an elevated White blood cell count. In this case, this cellulitis has affected the lower leg. Staphylococcus aureus bacteria are responsible for cellulitis, thus, treating the patient with Empiric IV antibiotics I would be the most appropriate remedy for this condition. The subjective, as well as the objective data in relation to the case of Ms. G, are significant in regard to follow-up diagnostic/laboratory testing, education, and future preventative care because they are the basis for the follow-up diagnostic or laboratory testing, education, and future preventative care. In this case, subjective and objective data are vital in so far as laboratory testing and future preventive care are concerned. This is because first, through obtaining the subjective and objective data, the clinician would be able to ascertain the baseline physical, as well as mental data concerning the patient. Secondly, they help the clinician to establish the nursing diagnoses and plan for the future patient care. Through the subjective and objective data provided, the clinician is able to evaluate the appropriateness of nursing interventions for the purposes of finding a resolution of the identified pathophysiology problems of the patient. Factors that are likely to delay wound healing In the case of Ms. G, include the 2 cm diameter, 1 cm deep, open wound that is located above the medial malleolus. This is because the open wound serves as a common portal of the entry of bacteria.  Ã‚  

Picking a stock Essay Example for Free

Picking a stock Essay Picking a stock is not as easy as differentiating NYSE from the Nasdaq. And more importantly, such differences are independent of the quality of the stocks. Both bourses make up the big majority of the US stock market. Easily, these stock exchanges maintain the country’s premiered blue chip stocks; wherein Microsoft is Nasdaq’s â€Å"flagship† stock and General Electric is arguably NYSE’s most well established listed company. The most glaring difference between the two is their own choice of medium to do transactions. â€Å"Nasdaq-listed trades are entirely automated. NYSE trades are still overseen by specialists. While traders have some say in how, when and at what price the trades are crossed, they cant pick the market† (NYSE vs. Nasdaq, (2003), from web site http://www. forbes. com/2003/08/18/cx_aw_0818mondaymatchup. html). Meanwhile, NYSE’s seven (7) specialists act as facilitators with the interest of making a very liquid market in the stock exchange. Nasdaq’s market makers on the other hand, actually act as participants in the buying and selling of shares (electronically, of course). NYSE is a well-know auction’s market wherein â€Å"the highest bidding price will be matched by the lowest asking price† (The Tale of Two Exchanges: NYSE and Nasdaq, from web site http://www. investopedia. com/articles/basics/03/103103. asp). Conversely, Nasdaq is more â€Å"organic† as a dealer’s market where market makers buy and sell from each other against their personal inventories. Lastly, history makes a big contribution to each bourse’s public perception. Whereas the NYSE is viewed as a more established institution (founded in 1792), Nasdaq is perceived as high-growth and highly volatile trading platform and subsequently attracts mostly firms from the IT and Telecom industries. Some first-time participants who are cost-driven prefer Nasdaq’s cheaper listing fee as well. The case of former Worldcom CEO Bernard Ebbers created a ripple effect in the telecommunications industry and severely put its existing form, MCI, into a whirlpool of debt amounting to around $35 billion. Even when Verizon purchased MCI for $7. 6 billion when the latter filed for bankruptcy, the new executive officers had the daunting tasks of regaining public trust while at the same unfolding more antitrust issues and financial window dressing perpetrated by the previous incumbents. Thousands of jobs were lost; creditors and investors alike could not recoup most of their stakes in the company. â€Å"†¦the fall of WorldCom altered the fortunes of a number of telecommunications industry participants, none more so than ATT Corporation† (Romar, Edward J. , Worldcom Case Study Update 2006, (2006), from web site http://www. scu. edu/ethics/dialogue/candc/cases/worldcom-update. html). The demise of Worldcom after the scandal affected the entire industry, especially the other forerunners that put too much reliance on the now bankrupt company as the beacon of industry standards. Bloated projections not only destroyed Worldcom, but it also damaged financially the competitors who reacted aggressively to counter these projections. For example, Worldcom’s former suppliers Nortell and Lucent Technologies took a nosedive via layoffs and below book value share prices because of these overstated figures that were never accomplished anyway.

Sign Language Policy And Planning Education Essay

Sign Language Policy And Planning Education Essay To promote the students who get knowledgeable about the sociolinguistic circumstance of minority sign language, the strategies from maintenance and merchandising the same sign language. To help the students who gain awareness of the nature and process of language change and the various theories towards development and practical utilization in endeavour language change that the maintenance and urge sign language on. To provide the students who are the significant analyse experts that desire to be fascinated by sign language planning and policy which contains data collection, analysis and presentation. To deepen the students understanding who utilize the knowledge of the legislation and policy system from sign language planning in international that do letter with reference to some particular counties and international progression. A case study is probable to provide the different interpretation which method of sign bilingualism from variety national and progress understanding of key policies. For example sign bilingual, sign language recognises two signs in ASL and ISL for sign bilingual. A case study demonstrates the theories related to language planning and language policy which is meaningful. To analyse the theoretical debate emission related to language planning and policy. The policies are different compared to urge on sign language that policies in bilingual. The analysis difference that can influence language utilization and language attitudes in social. Indicate the talent to analyse theoretical methods which influence minority of sign language planning and policy. I understand about this topic by Linguistic Policies, Linguistic Planning, and Brazilian Sign Language in Brazil and Language Policy and Planning: I have read the case study of The Case of Italian Sign Language. The reason I chose the topic is because am fascinated to know more about language planning and policy, the difference the deaf association contact other deaf people of minority sign language in Brazil and Italian deaf have urged on sign language which minority of deaf community. In Italy, sign language was approved however In Brazil, sign language was not approved. Language policy: Language policy does in fact go further than this, for it includes not just the regular patterns of choice, but also beliefs about choices and the values of varieties and of variants, and also, most saliently, the efforts made by some to change the choices and beliefs of others. If you want to find out about the language policy of a speech community, of whatever size or nature, the first step is to study its actual language practices, in other words to describe what Dell Hymes (1974) called the ethnography of communication and what others call the sociolinguistic repertoire or the linguistic ecology. Fundamental to understanding language policy is the realization that all linguistic ecologies are complex contextualized repertoires of linguistic units of various sizes that may be seen as consolidating from time to time into recognizable linguistic varieties that are sometimes accorded a name or label ( Bernard Spolsky, 2005). This comprehension takes some the point. It is momentous of this has been an enormous wave of interest multiculturalism on the part of political philosopher. The language argument take into play a number of concept and appreciation have been traded with vast in the multiculturalism literature, including quality, recognition, freedom, identity, democracy and cultural preservation. Linguistic majority have endeavoured to standardize the utilization of their languages in the public and the protests of other language group. Language planning: Language planning can be divided into three subtypes: status planning, corpus planning, and acquisition or educational planning. Status planning refers to all efforts undertaken to change the use and function of a language (or language variety). The recognition (or lack of recognition) of a language as an official language is part of status planning. The standardization (a codified form) of a certain language or language variety involving the preparation of a normative grammar and dictionary, as well as the modernization of the lexicon, is all part of corpus planning (Trude Schermer, 2012). This comprehension takes some the point. Language planning works in the country in question have been appreciated with the assistance of living literature and detail from experts in the field. The research has particularly concentrated on the status and corpus of exogenous and hazarded languages and on the role of education system in language planning. Background of Brazil and Italy Brazil is still contemplated as a monolingual nation where Portuguese is the language used broadly. However in Brazil there are smaller groups of people speaking other languages. Brazilians utilize all language and want to know about language policy that maintenance language in Brazilian city (Ronice Muller De Quadros, 2012). Schools still support the idea of using the Portuguese language. The Portuguese language has idiom alone that are easy to understand with the fact of existing different Portuguese dialects on language that is critical. India begun to be contemplated in some of company that includes education. The school established the native language, the language of teaching and the student indispensable to the native second language in Portuguese. Brazilian sign language is the language of the deaf community in Brazil that is consisting of the linguistic part of other full-fledged language. Deaf association contain the experts network that is possible to be contacted with dea f people in the country, defending the broadcast the language for people to stay on in Brazilian sign language. In approximately 1980 and 1990, deaf schools utilizing Brazilian sign language that start to refresh the education circumstance the same conditions development. Brazilian deaf community evaluated the language, using Brazilian sign language in Brazil. The linguistic circumstance of Italy is that it is a multilingual country. There is no variation in the dialect in Italy. Particular law that the dialect is to cater the greater status of minority language. The minority language legislate relation that is approved on 15 December, 1999. Italyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ linguistic circumstance has been multilingual country. Numerous dialects survive with Italian and the nation language. Dialects have been catered the special status of minority language by lawfulness (law 482/1999). In 1988, Sign language was accepted and approved by first European eleven years ago. The education of deaf people is to separate country in Italy, the city can ability to see Italian sign language. The true has crucial outcome during all language planning. The first parts of status planning; the second, acquisition planning; and the third, issues surrounding corpus planning which is momentous sign language in ltaly. Comparison between Brazil and Italy Linguistic practise and policies depend on the imposition of spoken language which aims at the Portuguese language and one institution the quality model of education achievement in Brazil. Sign language is unimportant and neglect sign language in laboratory, remedial instruction the speed and philosophical and political appreciate which noted deaf education in Brazil. Policies realize the language to the deaf students who decide the languages are contrasting the part of education program. The language desire to survive and they could be successful comprehension and discussion the aim of establishment agreement which we must always discuss to debate with the people who do not comprehend how to be deafness and sign language is momentous. The importance of deaf people is to participant and find out the difference in language of deaf students who are being educated. The Brazilian Portuguese language stress and both Brazilian sign language which have problem. The importance of Brazilian sign language desire only. Brazilian sign language has be representation the same non language last years. It is momentous to value the language for deaf people. Brazilian sign language users started to feel proud of their own language that hearing people comprehended about deaf peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ the language as protect and annunciate it. Deaf people who should not contemplate the spoken language will be started for Brazilian Portuguese the same an empowering language. Deaf people know bilingual their teachers and interpreter is slowly realize sign language in Brazilian sign language. The Brazilian institutions of geography have collected data and fraction (IBGE 2000) that has to demonstrate the Santa Catarina has had total of fraction 178, ooo deaf student. The Catarina special education foundation (FCEE 2007) which reported only 1680 the same they will be catered to the classroom in school and 1 percent of the total number has identified from IBGE will being catered. Brazilian sign language is utilized and promotes contact middle deaf people (RONICE MÃÆ'Å“LLER DE QUADROS, 2012). Deaf students who are enormous majority the contact with people who realise a few sign language and utilise it from little communicate goal the deaf students. The teachers have awareness their own language that Brazilian Portuguese demonstrate some possibility error the implantation of the bilingual education policy and the representation of language for deaf education. The enormous plurality of teachers who started working and their interpreters felt ashamed. They realised their restriction of concept in sign language. The research promise middle 2001 and 2002 total of number sign language interpreters that contemplate the expert in both language (Brazilian Portuguese and Brazilian sign language) tell the result translation from Brazilian Portuguese to Brazilian sign language for the classroom. Status planning: To know the influence of institutions and organizations, need the United Nations and the European group of people who have urged on to recognise the nation sign languages of their deaf communities. The public have discussed Italy sign language that was not outcome of fact by nation parliament. It is most the pertinent enthusiasm was the appeal sign from university professional and researchers have worked include part of linguistic, language, philosophy of language, psychology of language and communication. The Italian parliament planned to sustain the suggestion of recognition of Italian sign language that the Italian deaf community have minority the language in 2005. Deaf people have national association which is initiative to urge on Italian sign language. This organization is the most momentous referent for deaf people who have relationship with state institution. The academic community concern in LIS and deaf world has not been restricted to the linguistic of LIS . LIS communication system have utilised the relation grammar has flash the concern of researcher work on computer for linguistic, natural language process of animation. The Italian linguistic society have meeting of annual and include paper formal fact the sustain of LIS that has been approved (September 28, 2011). Acquisition planning: LIS sight becomes both deaf and hearing communities. He reviews the four main of acquisition planning from LIS which have bilingual education program. LIS have worked the course structure and worked with LIS. Deaf children have circumstanced in education that is approved by law in 1977 (law no. 517/1977) that it s mandatory for all children with disabilities to have accuracy to attend mainstream school, which would cater to make a suitable and sustainable method for them towards actual integration. The objectives of the project are ongoing to cater a particular education program from deaf children specific school. It benefit the experience specific school which are still candid model of education that fortunately integration deaf and hearing children. Deaf students who recognise that ASL can bring the classes in LIS for Italian deaf culture. Italian culture has taught in ASL which courses are urged on from LIS signers. Quality of interpreters are being asked by deaf people who decided that interpreters have the expert knowledge of communication potential of LIS and training of interpreters have to be more better. Corpus planning: LPP mostly concentrate on actual inner to the language system that accosts the momentous issue of normalization course and language documentation is appropriate to comprehend the actual linguistic circumstances and benefits in LIS. Preparatory studies on difference in LIS which have main concentrated in lexical difference and phonological process concerned to historical shift (Carlo Geraci, 2012). Corpus planning that LIS is comparatively well document sign language. In particular, an enormous corpus of deaf children have learnt LIS which their first language and corpus of hearing adult have learnt LIS that their second language. Conclusion This is comprehended that topic have two contain in comparison. It is momentous of sign language legislature in Italy. Some of deaf children have entered to LIS which their first or native language. Oralist educations are disagreed to sustain utilization of the LIS that is getting rural job chances for deaf people. The academic strongly sustain the research on LIS and deaf culture. The endeavours have conducted to the elaboration of beton planning in LIS. This is understandable in status and acquisition planning. Brazilian institutions have succeeded a needful law implement from the headway of public policies concern to the consolidation of Brazilian sign language. Deaf association is important for deaf peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s structure of their identity, acquires formal lawfulness through the identification of Brazilian sign language. The materials translated into Brazilian sign language in sundry educational space lawfulness to the right of access to one. Deaf leaders are offerin g a deaf bilingual education which is substantive of specific school with hearing children who have to be integration for deaf children in education. It is impossible to apply for system in India that is unimportant of sign language lawfulness in India. Oralist educations are agreed to support uses of the language however sign educations are disagreed to support utilization of Indian sign language. Deaf people minority was not accepted in ISL by government. Because importances of utilization bAASLS hope to become awareness about policies and planning language, it has time to be future and conceive in ISL next ten years.

Microeconomic

What has been happening to the exchange rate of the US$? Give reasons. How is the exchange rate of a currency determined? If the value goes down will that help or hurt the trade deficit?This year, the US dollar continued its long-expected slide. The Economic Intelligence Unit (2007) reported that the dollar had shown substantial resilience in recent months, even though investors were convinced that the Federal Reserve would not raise short-term interest rates again during this cycle. But interest rate and growth differentials are moving strongly against the dollar and investors are again shifting their attention to the US’s massive external deficits.This will result in the dollar losing further value, averaging US$1.36: â‚ ¬1 and Y105: US$1 in 2007. We then expect a moderate and gradual recovery of the dollar against the euro as the US economy emerges from its weakness in 2007. Nevertheless, room for appreciation will be limited by the current-account deficit, the share of GDP of which will be reduced only gradually. The dollar should continue to weaken against the yen in 2008.As an exchange rate is the rate at which one country’s currency can be traded for another country’s currency, the U.S. exchange rate is influenced country’s income, a country’s prices, the interest rate in a country, and the country’s trade policy. That means that changes in a country’s income, changes in a country’s prices, changes in interest rates, and changes in trade policy can cause the supply of and demand for a currency to shift (Colander 2004).If the exchange rate of the dollar continues to go down, it will definitely help to diminish the trade deficit. This means the United States’ demand for imports will be lowered and foreign countries’ demand for U.S. exports will become higher because of the low dollar exchange rate. After years of having large trade deficits, the US now experienced a lowered exchange r ate because a trade deficit often leads to a global excess supply of that country’s currency. With everything else equal, the exchange rate should undergo pressure to depreciate because of this excess supply; with freely floating rates, it can do so. Then the exchange rate change passes through to affect the relative prices of imports and exports.2. What has been happening to the price of oil on international markets? Discuss the different impacts that this has on the economy, the producers, consumers, pollution, alternative fuels etc.Oil price increases over the past years have been an issue is closely watched and debated because of its huge impacts around the world. For example, a report by the International Energy Agency (May 2004) deemed that â€Å"higher oil prices since 1999 – partly the result of OPEC supply-management policies – contributed to the global economic downturn in 2000-2001†. Another result of which is that â€Å"current cyclical uptur n† lagged behind because the â€Å"world GDP growth may have been at least half a percentage point higher in the last two or three years had prices remained at mid-2001 levels†.The IEA report (May 2004) pointed out that â€Å"higher prices are contributing to stubbornly high levels of unemployment and exacerbating budget-deficit problems in many†¦ oil-importing countries†. It furthered that the continued increase in oil prices will be deadlier to developing countries because â€Å"their economies are more dependent on imported oil and more energy-intensive and because energy is used less efficiently†. The report informed that â€Å"oil-importing developing countries use more than twice as much oil to produce a unit of economic output† and when oil prices are high, their efforts in development will surely be affected.However, in the closer analysis, higher oil prices could do more good than bad in the world economy. The Economist Intelligence Un it ViewsWire (May 2006) deemed that although higher oil prices directly worsen a developing country’s trade balance and its current-account deficit that could also reduce corporate profitability and disposable income†, this reduction in domestic demand (the painful part), combined with a depreciation in the exchange rate, should be helpful in boosting exports and cut imports. In the end, higher oil prices are helping restore a country's current-account to its previous position. This is the reason why some developing countries in Asia have been hardly hit by higher oil prices in the recent years.With continued oil price increases, it will also lessen pollution because people will naturally look for alternative fuels which will be more environmentally-friendly. This will distribute the income from alternative fuels and oil-producing countries, which will eventually stabilize in the future, if the demand for oil will become lower. Car manufacturers will also try their hand in making their products more efficient with the use of fuel. All these improvements will serve up to the benefit of everyone, whether oil exporting or importing countries, because the oil resources are not limitless and should be conserved for the future generation.3.   How equally is income distributed in the US? What are the reasons? Should the government interfere? If so how and what would be the consequences? How important is social pressure in CEO pay?Income distribution in the United States has a wide disparity. This means that, in 2000, the top 5 percent highest income earners has incomes 19 times higher than the incomes of the bottom 20 percent (Bernstein, 2003). Moreover, according to Swann (2005), the average personal income fell by 0.1 percent in August 2005, depressed by weak wage growth and the effects of hurricane Katrina on income in the affected states. Wages rose by just 0.2 per cent – failing to keep pace with a 0.5 per cent rise in prices. Meanwhile the savings rate remained in negative territory, but improved slightly from -1.1 per cent to -0.7 per cent.However, a recent study entitled â€Å"Changes in the Economic Resources of Low- Income Households with Children† conducted by the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) reported that from 1991 to 2005 an average household incomes among families that had children under age 18, the average household income for the lowest quintile of families with children increased from $12,400 in 1991 to $16,800 in 2005. These figures reflect inflation-adjusted dollars and are expressed in 2005 purchasing power. That 14-year change represented a total real increase of 35.5 percent, which reflects a yearly average of 2.2 percent (Washington Times, 10 June 2007).The government should interfere if there is a wide income gap because the general public will exhibit perplexity and annoyance to the growing pay gap between CEOs and other workers. However, organized resistance has been largely confined t o groups with direct financial interests, such as pension funds. When the business community has deemed it necessary to justify executive pay, it has couched explanations in terms of contributions to shareholder profits rather than involving itself in income disparity issues. Its stance has been that if the public could only be helped to understand the role of the executives in enhancing the wealth of the corporation, controversy would evaporate.Works CitedBernstein, Jared. The Hierarchy Income Inequality in the United States. Multinational Monitor, 24.5 (May 2003). Retrieved June 14, 2007Colander, David C. Economics, 5th ed. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2004.EIU ViewsWire. Asia Economy: Do High Oil Prices=Low Growth? May 11, 2006.EIU ViewsWire. USA: Currency Forecast, May 24, 2007.International Energy Agency. Analysis of the Impact of High Oil Prices on the Global Economy, May 2004. Retrieved June 14, 2007.Swann, Christopher. USA Economy: US Personal Income and Spending Sli ps, EIU ViewsWire, September 30, 2005.The Washington Times. News on Family Incomes, June 10, 2007, p. B02.